Chrome Nickel Steel

Oxidation Resistance
The introduction of small amounts (less than7%) of chromium to nickel increase the sensitivity of the nickel chromium alloy to oxidation. This is because the diffusion rate of oxygen in the scale is increased. This trend reverses after addition levels increase above 7% chromium and increases up to an addition level of approximately 30%. Above this level, there is little change.
Oxidation resistance can be attributed to the formation of a highly adherent protective scale. The adherence and coherence of the scale can be improved by the addition of small amounts of other reactive elements such as zirconium, silicon, cerium, calcium or similar. The scale thus formed is a mixture of nickel and chrome oxides (NiO and Cr2O3). These combine to form nickel chromite (NiCr2O4), which has a spinel-type structure.

Heating Elements
A marked increase in electrical resistivity is observed with increasing chromium additions. An addition level of 20% chromium is considered the optimum for electrical resistance wires suitable for heating elements. This composition combines good electrical properties with good strength and ductility, making it suitable for wire drawing. Commercial grades include Nickel Chrome and BrightRay. Small modifications of to this composition may be made to optimise it for particular applications.

Figure 1. Electrical resistivity as a function of chromium content for nickel-chromium alloys.
The addition of the appropriate reactive alloying elements will affect the properties of the scale. The operating conditions of the alloy will largely influence the composition that should be used. Table 1 outlines the compositional differences between alloys used for intermittent and continuous usages.

Table 1. Suitable compositions for heating elements used intermittently and continuously.

Element	Intermittent	Continuous
Cr	20	20
Si	1.5	0.5
Ca	0.1	0.05
Ce	0.05	-
Ni	Balance	Balance

While the compositional changes have a negligible effect on mechanical properties, higher additions of reactive elements tend to prevent flaking of the scale during cyclic heating and cooling. This effect is less of an issue with continuously operating heating elements, so addition levels do not need to be as high.
The binary 90/10 Ni/Cr alloy is also used for heating elements, and has a maximum operating temperature of 1100°C. Other uses for this alloy are thermocouples.

Thermocouples
Thermocouples: The 90/10 nickel chromium alloy is commonly used in thermocouples, in conjunction with a 95/5 Ni/Al alloy. This combination is called chromel-alumel, and similar to heating elements has a maximum operating temperature of 1100°C. This couple becomes susceptible to drift in the region of 1000°C due to preferential oxidation after prolonged usage. The addition of silicon has been found to overcome this effect. Commercial grades include Nicrosil (containing 14% Cr and 1.5% Si) and Nisil (containing 4.5% Si and 0.1% Mg).

High Temperature Corrosion Resistant Alloys
The 80/20 nickel chromium alloy is often used for wrought and cast parts for high temperature applications, as it has better oxidation and hot corrosion resistance compared to cheaper iron-nickel-chromium alloys. This nickel chromium alloy is highly suited to applications that are subject to oxidation.
In applications where fuel ashes, and/or deposits such as alkali metal salts such as sulphates are encountered, higher chromium content alloys are more suitable. This is because fuel ashes react with the oxide scale. Ashes containing vanadium are particularly aggressive in the respect and have a fluxing effect on the scale, increasing the susceptibility of the alloy to attack by oxidation.
In sulphur containing environments, chromium sulphide (Cr2S3, melting point 1550°C) is formed preferentially to nickel sulphide. Formation of nickel sulphide is preferred as this hinders the formation of the nickel/nickel-sulphide eutectic which has a low melting point. Eventually, local chromium supplies can be exhausted, leaving sulphur to react with nickel to form the low melting point eutectic compound, leading to liquid phase attack. Alloys that have suffered this form of attack have wart-like growths on their surface. Due to the preferential formation of chromium sulphides, it follows that higher chromium containing nickel chromium alloys are more resistant to this type of attack.
Nickel/chromium alloys containing more than 30% chromium have a two phase structure which consists of a-chromium and γ-nickel. The a-chromium phase brittle and hence the alloy decreases in ductility with increasing chromium content. Properties for some binary alloys are given in table 2. The addition of about 1.5% niobium induces improved strength and ductility, while at the same time reducing embrittlement after high temperature exposure provided impurities such as carbon, nitrogen and silicon are controlled.

Table 2. Tensile and ductility properties for some nickel chromium alloy at room temperature.

Cr Content (%)	Tensile Str (MPa)	Elong. (%)
35	480	62
50	540-680	7-24
60	800-1000	1-2

Alloys with chromium contents up to approximately 35% are suitable for hot working. Above this level, they are generally only suited to casting. Some ductility gains can be achieved by the addition of zirconium or titanium. Inconel 671, (containing 48% Cr and 0.35% Ti is such an alloy and is used in applications including duplex tubing for coal-fired superheating tubing.

Wear Resistant Alloys
Wear mechanisms are complex, but high hardness and good corrosion resistance contribute to good wear resistance. nickel chromium alloys provide an economical alternative to materials such as weld deposited cobalt-chrome alloys with additions of carbon and tungsten which are commonly used wear resistant applications. An example of a nickel chromium alloy for this type of application is 8-12% Cr, 0.3-1.0% C, 3-4% Si, 1.5-2.5% B, 1-4% Fe and the balance Ni. A coating of this material deposited by inert gas shielded arc techniques would be in the range 40-50 Rockwell C.

Property Table of Nickel Chromium Alloys

Material	Nickel Chrome Alloys
Composition:	Ni/14-46Cr + some combination of Fe Mo Cu Co Si Ti W Al + others

Property	Minimum Value (S.I.)	Maximum Value (S.I.)	Units (S.I.)	Minimum Value (Imp.)	Maximum Value (Imp.)	Units (Imp.)
Atomic Volume (average)	0.0065	0.0072	m3/kmol	396.654	439.371	in3/kmol
Density	7.75	8.65	Mg/m3	483.817	540.002	lb/ft3
Energy Content	40	200	MJ/kg	4333.55	21667.7	kcal/lb
Bulk Modulus	110	205	GPa	15.9541	29.7327	106 psi
Compressive Strength	170	2100	MPa	24.6564	304.579	ksi
Ductility	0.005	0.7		0.005	0.7
Elastic Limit	170	2100	MPa	24.6564	304.579	ksi
Endurance Limit	130	1150	MPa	18.8549	166.793	ksi
Fracture Toughness	65	150	MPa.m1/2	59.153	136.507	ksi.in1/2
Hardness	1000	6000	MPa	145.038	870.227	ksi
Loss Coefficient	9e-005	0.0013		9e-005	0.0013
Modulus of Rupture	170	2100	MPa	24.6564	304.579	ksi
Poisson's Ratio	0.26	0.325		0.26	0.325
Shear Modulus	55	100	GPa	7.97707	14.5038	106 psi
Tensile Strength	330	2300	MPa	47.8625	333.587	ksi
Young's Modulus	150	245	GPa	21.7557	35.5342	106 psi
Glass Temperature			K			°F
Latent Heat of Fusion	275	320	kJ/kg	118.228	137.575	BTU/lb
Maximum Service Temperature	1070	1473	K	1466.33	2191.73	°F
Melting Point	1475	1710	K	2195.33	2618.33	°F
Minimum Service Temperature	0	0	K	-459.67	-459.67	°F
Specific Heat	380	500	J/kg.K	0.294066	0.386929	BTU/lb.F
Thermal Conductivity	8	17	W/m.K	14.9763	31.8246	BTU.ft/h.ft2.F
Thermal Expansion	9	16	10-6/K	16.2	28.8	10-6/°F
Breakdown Potential			MV/m			V/mil
Dielectric Constant
Resistivity	84	240	10-8 ohm.m	84	240	10-8 ohm.m

Properties Of Chromium-Nickel Steel

The mixture of steels which is interchangeable with the word stainless steel. Had additional chromium which does not have to in the chemical mixture. It is one of the most common elements in stainless steel grades that increase the corrosion resistance.

1. Anti Corrosive Metal
The steel material now becomes very study and efficient due to its tripe mixture. It becomes a corrosion-resisting metal. Of which the anticorrosive degree depends on the surface condition of the metal and its composition, temperature, and concentration of the corrosive agent.
The basic of chromium-nickel steel is the existence of nickel which makes this substance to be corrosion-resistance. Chromium It normally has the content of 18-8 steel due to its 18 percentage of chromium and the rest 8 percent of nickel.
That is why it is crucial to understand the properties just like Uses Of Carbon Compounds Related To Their Properties of chemical substance and handle it with care and make the best of it.

2. Easy to Shape
Both combinations create a distinct strength which may be increased by cold-working. Both compounds have the sturdy of steel but also easier to be bent, rolled, drawn, or formed into just about any shape and any needs.
The properties can expand about 50 percent which is a lot more compared to other stainless steel material out there. Moreover, It has conduct heat of about 40 percent as rapidly, which are more difficult to weld.
The properties of Chromium-nickel steel is basically defining as a steel compound, there are both nickel and chromium in it. The ratio of the two is usually 2 to 3 parts nickel to 1 part chromium.
The typical 2:1 ratio is a common combination which gives great durability and sturdiness. All the compound of nickel and chromium are chosen to balance both and give the best of physical effects.

3. Heat Treatment
The industry sectors crave for very tough yet easy to form substance. The Irritant Chemicals Example of high demand in the industry. Steels suit better in large sections which need heat treatment due to their deep and uniform hardening.
The compounds become hard and tough as the characteristic of the properties of the steel. The Nickel-chromium steel in percentages contains about 1 to 1.5% of nickel, 0.45 to 0.75% of chromium, and 0.38 to 0.80% of manganese in the ranges for hardened parts and also forged. However, there are low nickel-chromium steels, which has more carbon with about 0.60 to 0.80%in percentages.

4. Nickel-chromium steels And Temper Brittleness.
The properties of the combines substances have a low impact on resistance. At especially if improperly cooled right after the heat treatment. Moreover, there is a small amount of molybdenum in the compound that sometimes added to prevent brittleness. Therefore, there is more substance in the chromium-nickels steels to hold all the substance together and create more resistance.
Although there are Chemicals Combination We Should Never Mix, A nickel-chromium steel fit together perfectly. For a more tight combination, there is about steel type that has 22% chromium, 12% nickel, and some molybdenum in its steel.